US eases sanctions on Venezuela oil industry

• Within an hour of Venezuelan MPs voting to open the industry to private investment, the US Treasury issued a general license allowing US firms to engage in the extraction, refining, and exportation of Venezuelan crude, effectively dismantling the 2006 majority-state-control model.
• Acting President Delcy Rodríguez hailed the reform as a "historical leap" following a deal with President Trump, who claims Washington is now "in charge" of the sector; the move aims to revive production from 1.2 million barrels per day by granting major US energy firms access to the world’s largest oil reserves.

 The United States on Thursday eased sanctions on Venezuela's oil industry, expanding the ability of US companies to operate in the country after the lifting of state controls on the sector.

Within an hour of Venezuelan MPs voting to open the oil industry to private investment, the US Treasury Department greenlit a range of activities by US energy companies.

The department issued a general license allowing transactions relating to "the lifting, exportation, reexportation, sale, resale, supply, storage, marketing, purchase, delivery, or transportation of Venezuelan-origin oil."

The activities authorized include the refining of oil, the license said.

Venezuela's acting president Delcy Rodriguez hailed the reform as a "historical leap."

"We are taking important steps," Rodriguez said after a call with US President Donald Trump.

“For the future”

Trump pressured Caracas to open up its oil fields to US investors after abducting his socialist arch-foe Nicolas Maduro in a deadly US bombing raid on Caracas on January 3.

The US president backed Maduro's deputy Rodriguez to take over, on the proviso that she give Washington access to the world's largest proven oil reserves.

Rodriguez has appeared eager to comply with his demands, arguing that an influx of foreign capital is needed to revive the battered Venezuelan economy.

The reform adopted Thursday paves the way for the return of US energy majors, two decades after socialist firebrand Hugo Chavez seized foreign oil fields.

It modifies a law dating to 2006 that forced foreign investors to form joint ventures with state oil company PDVSA, which insisted on a majority stake.

Jorge Rodriguez, head of parliament and brother of Venezuela's new acting president, said the reform will help the country recover from years of living under US sanctions.

"Only good things will come after the suffering," he said as he gavelled through the law "for history, for the future."

Trump has said Washington is now "in charge" of Venezuela and Rodriguez will be "turning over" millions of barrels of oil to be sold at market price.

Rodriguez has already ploughed $300 million from a first US sale of Venezuelan crude into shoring up the country's struggling currency, the bolivar.
Slow recovery

Venezuela sits on about a fifth of the world's oil reserves.

It was once a major crude supplier to the United States, and multiple American firms operated in the country until 2007, when Chavez led a new wave of nationalizations.

The industry is undergoing a slow recovery after being walloped by years of underinvestment, corruption, mismanagement and six years of US sanctions.

It reached production of 1.2 million barrels per day in 2025, a milestone compared to the 300,000 per day extracted in 2020, but far from the 3 million achieved at the start of the century.

Trump, who has lavished praise on Rodriguez, has been pressing oil executives to invest in Venezuela.

Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips exited in 2007 after refusing to cede majority control to the state.

Chevron is the only US firm still operating in Venezuela, under a special sanctions exemption.

The revised law offers greater guarantees to private players, relinquishes state control of exploration, and lowers taxes and royalties.

"This obviously completely dismantles Hugo Chavez’s oil model," said oil analyst Francisco Monaldi, while pointing out that the state will retain some discretion over the issuing of contracts to private players.

New fields

The US Department of Energy has already unveiled a plan to develop Venezuela's oil industry and begun marketing Venezuelan crude.

Rodriguez says the reform will bring money for "new fields, to fields where there has never been investment, and to fields where there is no infrastructure."

The changes are cause for optimism for many in a country battling economic collapse and mass emigration.

"This hydrocarbons reform helps restore our dignity," Karina Rodriguez, a worker at PDVSA, said at a recent rally.